Glossary

Process that ensures full and effective participation of people with disabilities in all areas of social life, on an equal basis and without discrimination. Inclusion goes beyond integration: it does not limit itself to inserting the person into existing contexts, but modifies contexts to make them accessible and welcoming for all.

Fundamental principles: recognition of differences as value, universal accessibility, self-determination, active participation. Areas of inclusion: school (personalized teaching, support teachers), work (targeted placement, reasonable accommodations), society (removal of barriers, awareness raising). The UN Convention (2006) affirms the right to inclusion in all sectors. In Italy, legislation promotes school inclusion (Law 104/1992, Legislative Decree 66/2017) and work inclusion (Law 68/1999). Inclusion requires cultural change, investments, training, collaboration between services. It is a collective responsibility to create societies that value diversity and ensure equal opportunities.

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Standardized measure of cognitive abilities obtained through psychometric tests that evaluate different skills: logical reasoning, verbal comprehension, working memory, processing speed, visual-spatial abilities. The average IQ of the population is 100 with standard deviation 15. WHO classification: IQ >130 very superior, 120-129 superior, 110-119 high average, 90-109 average, 80-89 low average, 70-79 borderline, <70 intellectual disability.

Main tests: WAIS (adults), WISC (children 6-16 years), WPPSI (preschool age). Intellectual disability is diagnosed with IQ <70 accompanied by deficits in adaptive functioning. Criticisms of IQ: does not measure all intelligences (emotional, social, creative), influenced by cultural, educational, emotional factors. Should not be used in isolation but integrated with comprehensive clinical assessment. IQ is not fixed: it can vary with educational interventions, stimulation, environmental conditions. Important to avoid labeling and focus on developmental potential.

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